Journal
MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS
Volume 82, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00057-17
Keywords
neutrophils; granulopoiesis; innate immunity; phagocytosis; chemokine; extracellular traps; cell death; apoptosis; degranulation; neonates; hematopoiesis
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Comprising the majority of leukocytes in humans, neutrophils are the first immune cells to respond to inflammatory or infectious etiologies and are crucial participants in the proper functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses. From their initial appearance in the liver, thymus, and spleen at around the eighth week of human gestation to their generation in large numbers in the bone marrow at the end of term gestation, the differentiation of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a mature, segmented neutrophil is a highly controlled process where the transcriptional regulators C/EBP-alpha and C/EBP-epsilon play a vital role. Recent advances in neutrophil biology have clarified the life cycle of these cells and revealed striking differences between neonatal and adult neutrophils based on fetal maturation and environmental factors. Here we detail neutrophil ontogeny, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil homeostasis and highlight important differences between neonatal and adult neutrophil populations.
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