Strain hardening and nanocrystallization behaviors in Hadfield steel subjected to surface severe plastic deformation

A gradient nanocrystalline layer with a thickness in a range of millimeter magnitude was successfully produced on the surface of Hadfield steel by a novel severe plastic deformation technology, high speed pounding. The surface hardness was measured, and the microstructure evolution during nanocrystallization process was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the hardness increment and nanocrystallization in Hadfield steel were obtained at different stages under high speed pounding. The first stage was strain hardening, where surface hardness of Hadfield steel increased gradually during high speed pounding until a steady-state value was obtained. The hardening degree and rate of Hadfield steel were determined by deformation stress and strain rate, respectively. The second stage was microstructure nano crystallization, at which twin boundaries interacted with dislocations to form general high angle grain boundaries. In this stage, the surface hardness of Hadfield steel remained basically the same. Moreover, a physical model was established to explain the strain hardening and surface nanocrystallization behaviors in accordance with the microstructure evolution at different stages in Hadfield steel.