Characterization and flux of marine oil snow settling toward the seafloor in the northern Gulf of Mexico during the Deepwater Horizon incident: Evidence for input from surface oil and impact on shallow shelf sediments

Sediment trap samples from the shelf edge area (400-450 m water depth), 58 km northeast of the failed Macondo well, were collected before, during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Detailed chemical analyses of particulates revealed that fluxes of spill-derived TPH (2356 mu g/m(2) /day), total PAH (5.4 mu g/m(2)/day), and hopane (0.89 mu g/m(2)/day) settling to the seafloor directly beneath the surface-plume were 19- to 44-times higher during the active spill than pre- and post-spill background values. The oil was variably biodegraded, evaporated and photo-oxidized indicating that it derived from the sinking of surface oil. The hopane-based oil flux that we calculate (10 bbl/km(2) ) indicates that at least 76,000 bbl of Macondo oil that reached the ocean surface subsequently sank over an area of approximately 7600 km(2) . We explore how this flux of sunken surface oil contributed to the total volume of oil deposited on the seafloor following the Deepwater Horizon incident.