Journal
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE
Volume 79, Issue 6, Pages 3172-3193Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27101
Keywords
functional form; microstructure; model; representation; validation
Funding
- National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS) [R01NS088040]
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [KI 1089/3-2]
- Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation's University Investment Grant (MINDLab)
- Lundbeck Foundation [R83-A7548]
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Mapping tissue microstructure with MRI holds great promise as a noninvasive window into tissue organization at the cellular level. Having originated within the realm of diffusion NMR in the late 1970s, this field is experiencing an exponential growth in the number of publications. At the same time, model-based approaches are also increasingly incorporated into advanced MRI acquisition and reconstruction techniques. However, after about two decades of intellectual and financial investment, microstructural mapping has yet to find a single commonly accepted clinical application. Here, we suggest that slow progress in clinical translation may signify unresolved fundamental problems. We outline such problems and related practical pitfalls, as well as review strategies for developing and validating tissue microstructure models, to provoke a discussion on how to bridge the gap between our scientific aspirations and the clinical reality. We argue for recalibrating the efforts of our community toward a more systematic focus on fundamental research aimed at identifying relevant degrees of freedom affecting the measured MR signal. Such a focus is essential for realizing the truly revolutionary potential of noninvasive three-dimensional in vivo microstructural mapping.
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