Journal
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION
Volume 37, Issue 6, Pages 522-532Publisher
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1431161
Keywords
Salt; diet; bone density; osteoporosis
Categories
Funding
- National Elites Foundation in Iran [BN092]
- Iran National Science Foundation
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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Objective: Although some earlier studies have indicated an association between dietary/urinary sodium and bone mass density (BMD), bone mass content (BMC), and the risk of osteoporosis (OS), findings are still conflicting. The aim of this study was to summarize the relation of dietary/urinary sodium with BMD, BMC, and the risk of OS.Methods: We conducted a systematic search up to April 2017 in PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science to find relevant studies. Articles with cross-sectional and cohort designs in which odds ratios (ORs), correlations (r), or beta coefficients were reported for the association between dietary/urinary sodium and OS, BMD, or BMC were included.Results: Pooling 11 effect sizes with a total of 39,065 people showed that higher sodium consumption significantly increased the risk of OS (OR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.41; p = 0.026), with high heterogeneity among studies (I-2 = 68.0%; p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed significantly higher risk of OS in premenopausal women (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.01-1.69; p = 0.036), in participants with a mean age older than 50years (OR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.28; p = 0.005), in dietary sodium intake subgroup (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.19-1.77; p < 0.001), and in individuals with adjustment for energy (OR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.38-2.27; p < 0.001). The correlation coefficients showed no significant association between urinary sodium and BMD (r = -0.46; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.18; p = 0.02).Conclusions: We found a positive association between sodium intake and the risk of OS, while no association was found with urinary sodium. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between sodium intake and BMD. Due to high heterogeneity in this research, more studies are suggested.
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