Resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat

The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. We recently showed that the secreted lipase FGL1, a virulence factor of F. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. This effector-like function is based on a FGL1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (FFA) that can inhibit callose synthase activity. The importance of FGL1 in successful wheat head colonization was demonstrated in FGL1 disruption mutants (triangle fgl1), where infection was restricted to directly inoculated spikelets and accompanied by strong callose deposition in the spikelet's phloem. The application of polyunsaturated FFA to triangle fgl1-infected spikelets prevented callose deposition in the phloem and partially restored wheat head colonization. The comparative analysis of 3 wheat cultivars revealed that the level of resistance to FHB correlated with resistance to FFA-dependent inhibition of callose biosynthesis. Therefore, resistance of callose biosynthesis to FFA inhibition might be used as marker and/or direct target in the breeding of FHB-resistant wheat cultivars.