Power in politically charged networks

We offer a theory and measure for determining powerful nodal positions based on potential inter-actor control in politically charged networks, which contain both allies and adversaries. Power is derived from actors that are dependent on the focal actor and sociometrically weak, either due to a lack of alternative allies or from being threatened by others. We create a new Political Independence Index (PII), compare it to other established measures, and illustrate its use in the setting of an international network of alliances and military conflicts from 1946 to 2000. Results show that politically independent nations as measured by PII have smaller increases in military personnel than others over time. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.