Coral Reef Drag CoefficientsSurface Gravity Wave Enhancement

A primary challenge in modeling flow over shallow coral reefs is accurately characterizing the bottom drag. Previous studies over continental shelves and sandy beaches suggest surface gravity waves should enhance the drag on the circulation over coral reefs. The influence of surface gravity waves on drag over four platform reefs in the Red Sea is examined using observations from 6-month deployments of current and pressure sensors burst sampling at 1 Hz for 4-5 min. Depth-average current fluctuations U within each burst are dominated by wave orbital velocities u(w) that account for 80%-90% of the burst variance and have a magnitude of order 10 cm s(-1), similar to the lower-frequency depth-average current U-avg. Previous studies have shown that the cross-reef bottom stress balances the pressure gradient over these reefs. A bottom stress estimate that neglects the waves (CdaUavg|U-avg|, where is water density and C-da is a drag coefficient) balances the observed pressure gradient when u(w) is smaller than U-avg but underestimates the pressure gradient when u(w) is larger than U-avg (by a factor of 3-5 when u(w) = 2U(avg)), indicating the neglected waves enhance the bottom stress. In contrast, a bottom stress estimate that includes the waves [C-da(U-avg + U)|U-avg+ U|)] balances the observed pressure gradient independent of the relative size of u(w) and U-avg, indicating that this estimate accounts for the wave enhancement of the bottom stress. A parameterization proposed by Wright and Thompson provides a reasonable estimate of the total bottom stress (including the waves) given the burst-averaged current and the wave orbital velocity.