Toward Industrial-Scale Production of Perovskite Solar Cells: Screen Printing, Slot-Die Coating, and Emerging Techniques

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted intensive attention of the researchers and industry due to their high efficiency, low material cost, and simple solution-based fabrication process. Along with the development of device configurations, materials, and fabrication techniques, the efficiency has rapidly increased from the initial 3.8 to recent 22.7%. However, fundamental studies on PSCs are usually yielded through lab-scale procedures and carried out on small-area (<= 1 cm(2)) devices. Recently, various deposition methods, such as screen printing, slot-die coating, soft-cover coating, spraying coating, etc., have been developed to enlarge the device area from the millimeters to hundreds of centimeters scale. Herein, we discuss the advances of up-scaling of PSCs and outline the fabrication methods from lab-scale to industrial-scale. Screen printing and slot die coating have been regarded as the most promising methods toward the mass production of PSCs, and more emerging techniques are also anticipated in this enterprise.