Modern approaches in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) based on ionic liquids: A review

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become a very popular environmentally benign sample preparation technique, due to its simplicity, speed of operation and low consumption of solvent and reagent. It has attracted much interest from scientists working in separation science, and much improvement has been made since its introduction in 2006. We describe the combined use of different types of ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) such as META IL-DLLME (magnetic effervescent tablet-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction), in-situ MR-IL-DLLME (in situ magnetic retrieval ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction), and MIL-DLLME (magnetic ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction) methods as well as the green aspects of these techniques. In addition, we discuss practical applications of IL-DLLME to determine organic compounds and metals in a variety of matrices e.g., in water, food, biological samples, cosmetics and other products. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.