Activation of human naive Th cells increases surface expression of GD3 and induces neoexpression of GD2 that colocalize with TCR clusters

CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th) orchestrate the immune response after their activation by antigen-presenting cells. Activation of naive Th cells is reported to generate the reduction in surface epitopes of sialic acid (Sia) in alpha 2,3 and alpha 2,6 linkages. In this work, we report that in spite of this glycophenotype, anti-CD3/anti-CD28-activated purified human naive Th cells show a significant increase in surface Sia, as assessed by metabolic labeling, compared with resting naive Th cells, suggesting an increased flux of Sia toward Sia alpha 2,8 glycoconjugates. To understand this increase as a result of ganglioside up-regulation, we observed that very early after activation, human naive Th cells show an increased expression in surface GD3 and neoexpression of surface GD2 gangliosides, the latter clustering with the T cell receptor (TCR). Also, we report that in contrast to GM2/GD2 synthase null mice, lentiviral vector-mediated silencing of the GM2/GD2 synthase in activated human naive Th cells reduced efficient TCR clustering and downstream signaling, as assessed by proliferation assays and IL-2 and IL-2R expression, pointing to an important role of this enzyme in activation of human naive Th cells.