Electrochemical performances of lithium and sodium ion batteries based on carbon materials

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used because of their high energy density, design flexibility and long cycle life. However, because the global amount of lithium is limited, interest in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is growing as the global sodium reserves are sufficient to replace these secondary batteries. SIBs have the same battery configuration as LIBs, but different physical properties of the utilized anode material must be adopted for SIBs because of the difference between Li and Na ions. A review on anode materials that can be used in LIBs and SIBs are presented in this paper. Also, this paper reviews the electrochemical performances with respect to the crystal structures, specific physical properties, discharge capacities and cycle characteristics of carbon electrode materials in the two secondary batteries. (C) 2017 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.