Journal
JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION
Volume 81, Issue 8, Pages 1264-1274Publisher
INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-022
Keywords
Biogenic amines; Cadaverine; Histamine; Photobacterium; Putrescine
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Photobacterium species are members of the bacterial communities typically associated with scombrotoxin-forming fish. Reclassification and discovery of new Photobacterium species has caused confusion as to which species are capable of biogenic amine production. We analyzed histamine, cadaverine, and putrescine production by 104 Photobacterium strains representing 23 species. The presence of the genes for histidine decarboxylase (hdc), lysine decarboxylase (hdc), and omithine decarboxylase (odc) was determined by real-time or conventional PCR and whole genome sequencing. Significant histamine production (>200 ppm) was detected in five Photobacterium species: P. angustum, P. aquimaris, P. kishitanii, P. damselae, and P. phosphoreum. The hdc gene was detected in all of these histamine-producing species except P. phosphoreum. Cadaverine was produced by eight Photobacterium species: P. angusuun. P. aquimaris, P. damselae, P. iliopiscarium, P. kishitanii, P. leiognathi, P. mandapamensis. and P. phosphoreum. Putrescine was produced by six Photobacterium species: P. angustum, P. aquimaris, P. kishitanii, P. leiognathi. P. mandapamensis, and Photobacterium sp. Cadaverine production correlated closely with the presence of the ldc gene, but putrescine production did not correlate closely with the presence of the odc gene. Characterization of the biogenic amine production by Photobacterium species will allow identification of these marine bacteria and help ensure that current guidelines account for mitigation of these bacteria.
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