Activation of an Aquareovirus, Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV), by the Ciliates Tetrahymena thermophila and T.canadensis

For the first time, ciliates have been found to activate rather than inactivate a virus, chum salmon reovirus (CSV). Activation was seen as an increase in viral titre upon incubation of CSV at 22 degrees C with Tetrahymena canadenesis and two strains of T.thermophila: wild type (B1975) and a temperature conditional mutant for phagocytosis (NP1). The titre increase was not likely due to replication because CSV had no visible effects on the ciliates and no vertebrate virus has ever been shown unequivocally to replicate in ciliates. When incubated with B1975 and NP1 at 30 degrees C, CSV was activated only by B1975. Therefore, activation required CSV internalization because at 30 degrees C only B1975 exhibited phagocytosis. CSV replicated in fish cells at 18 to 26 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. Collectively, these observations point to CSV activation being distinct from replication. Activation is attributed to the CSV capsid being modified in the ciliate phagosomal-lysosomal system and released in a more infectious form. When allowed to swim in CSV-infected fish cell cultures, collected, washed, and transferred to uninfected cultures, T.canadensis caused a CSV infection. Overall the results suggest that ciliates could have roles in the environmental dissemination of some fish viral diseases.