An overview of electrokinetic soil flushing and its effect on bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil

Combination of electrokinetic soil flushing and bioremediation (EKSF-Bio) technology has attracted many researchers attention in the last few decades. Electrokinetic is used to increase biodegradation rate of microorganisms in soil pores. Therefore, it is necessary to use solubilizing agents such as surfactants that can improve biodegradation process. This paper describes the basic understanding and recent development associated with electrokinetic soil flushing, bioremediation, and its combination as innovative hybrid solution for treating hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Surfactant has been widely used in many studies and practical applications in remediation of hydrocarbon contaminant, but specific review about those combination technology cannot be found. Surfactants and other flushing/solubilizing agents have significant effects to increase hydrocarbon remediation efficiency. Thus, this paper is expected to provide clear information about fundamental interaction between electrokinetic, flushing agents and bioremediation, principal factors, and an inspiration for ongoing and future research benefit. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.