Campus sustainability in the US: social change since 1970 Environmental management and

In the US, Higher Education Institutions (HEls) have occupied a distinct role in the social contract: they have been predisposed to be at the forefront of social change and to addressing wicked problems. Over the last four decades sustainability has emerged as one such problem, and HEls have practiced campus sustainability to improve environmental management and foster social change on campuses and beyond. Understanding the development of campus sustainability in the US during these years is essential for scholars and practitioners looking to make sense of its present state and to map out future pathways. There is, however, no comprehensive analysis of campus sustainability's development in the U.S. Here we ask how campus sustainability has developed in the US since the early 1970s. To answer our research question, we analyze scholarly works and reports and use the epochs approach to build a chronological narrative. Our analysis results in the identification of three distinct and overlapping epochs of campus sustainability: greening the campus (1970s-1990s), the growth of campus sustainability (1990s-2010s), and transforming HEls to implement sustainability on campus and beyond (since 20105). We conclude by analyzing the nature of changes that campus sustainability has undergone over time, in terms of both managing the environment and fostering social change. We argue that campus sustainability initially emerged as informal, ecologically-focused, campus-confined initiatives at HEls that prioritized educating agents of change and modeling change. Over time campus sustainability has evolved towards more formal, holistic, extramural policies at HEls that assume the role of agents of change. Here, we provide the first historical narrative of campus sustainability in the US. As such, this work is likely to be of value to scholars and practitioners alike as they grapple with the past, present, and future of campus sustainability. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.