Sustainability assessment of symbiotic processes for the reuse of phosphogypsum

The conversion of by-products to resources is a novel approach for enhancing circular economy through increasing the lifecycle of resources, however, it does not always achieve sustainability outcomes. A life cycle assessment has been conducted to assess the economic and environmental implications of the conversion of phosphogypsum, which is a by-product from phosphoric acid manufacture, to useful resources such as paper and fertilizer. The current research found that the phosphogypsum based paper and fertilizer are neither environmentally nor economically better than conventional products due to the raw materials used that leads to higher environmental impact and economic cost. However, phosphogypsum based products offers some social benefits such as additional employment creation and enhanced intergenerational equity. Further investigation into chemical process design in terms of reagent selection for precipitation reactions is needed to achieve the economic and environmental feasibility of the products based on these by-products. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.