Journal
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 456-476Publisher
AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2018.2537
Keywords
Gene Editing; Genome; Engineering; Gene Therapy
Funding
- Jiangsu Province's clinical medical science and technology program [BL2013016, QN-868]
- Suzhou's Program [SZS201618, SYS201727]
- Hunan Province's program [2016JJ2114, 2017SK2172]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81301267, 81372825]
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In the past decades, significant progresses have been achieved in genetic engineering of nucleases. Among the genetically engineered nucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases, and CRIPSPR/Cas9 system form a new field of gene editing. The gene editing efficiency or targeting effect and the off-target effect are the two major determinant factors in evaluating the usefulness of a new enzyme. Engineering strategies in improving these gene editing enzymes, particularly in minimizing their off-target effects, are the focus of this paper. Examples of using these genetically engineered enzymes in genome modification are discussed in order to better understand the requirement of engineering efforts in obtaining more powerful and useful gene editing enzymes. In addition, the identification of naturally existed anti-Cas proteins has been employed in minimizing off-target effects. Considering the future application in human gene therapy, optimization of these well recognized gene editing enzymes and exploration of more novel enzymes are both required. Before people find an ideal gene editing system having virtually no off-target effect, technologies used to screen and identify off-target effects are of importance in clinical trials employing gene therapy.
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