Journal
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
Volume 233, Issue 3, Pages 275-288Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/joa.12840
Keywords
cutaneous maximus muscle; cutaneous muscle; cutaneous trunci; musculus cutaneous; subcutaneous muscle; superficial fascia system
Categories
Funding
- Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [RTC-2015-3750-1]
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PI13/02172, PI16/01430]
- European Union (ERDF/ESF, 'Investing in your future')
- Department of Education, University and Research of the Basque Government [PRE2013-1-1168]
- FIS [PI17/01841, PI14/00436]
- Basque Government [2015/11038, RIS3 2017222021, BIO16/ER/022]
- Ministry of Higher Education, Saudi Arabia
- Millennium Research fund, NUIG
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The panniculus carnosus is a thin striated muscular layer intimately attached to the skin and fascia of most mammals, where it provides skin twitching and contraction functions. In humans, the panniculus carnosus is conserved at sparse anatomical locations with high interindividual variability, and it is considered of no functional significance (most possibly being a remnant of evolution). Diverse research fields (such as anatomy, dermatology, myology, neuroscience, surgery, veterinary science) use this unique muscle as a model, but several unknowns and misconceptions remain in the literature. In this article, we review what is currently known about panniculus carnosus structure, development, anatomical location, response to environmental stimuli and potential function(s), with the aim of putting together the evidence arising from the different research communities and raising interest in this unique muscle, which we postulate as an ideal model for both vascular and muscular research.
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