Journal
FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
Volume 38, Issue 6, Pages 1250-1270Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12088
Keywords
adhesion; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Escherichia coli; Helicobacter pylori
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Funding
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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Bacterial surface colonizers are subject to a variety of physical stresses. During the colonization of human epithelia such as on the skin or the intestinal mucosa, bacteria mainly have to withstand the mechanical stress of being removed by fluid flow, scraping, or epithelial turnover. To that end, they express a series of molecules to establish firm attachment to the epithelial surface, such as fibrillar protrusions (pili) and surface-anchored proteins that bind to human matrix proteins. In addition, some bacteria - in particular gut and urinary tract pathogens - use internalization by epithelial cells and other methods such as directed inhibition of epithelial turnover to ascertain continued association with the epithelial layer. Furthermore, many bacteria produce multilayered agglomerations called biofilms with a sticky extracellular matrix, providing additional protection from removal. This review will give an overview over the mechanisms human bacterial colonizers have to withstand physical stresses with a focus on bacterial adhesion.
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