Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
Volume 42, Issue 11, Pages 3416-3441Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/er.4033
Keywords
electric vehicles (EVs); EV impacts; infrastructure of charging systems; unidirectional and bidirectional chargers; vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology
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The advancement and deployment of electric vehicle (EV) technologies are considered as an emergent solution to meet the current and future energy crises. The electrification of transportation systems is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper investigates the present status, latest deployment, and challenging issues in the implementation of EV infrastructure, charging power levels, in conjunction with several charging power topologies, and analyzes EV impacts and prospects in society. In this study, the on-board and off-board categories of charging systems with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow comparison are addressed. Moreover, an extensive analysis of unidirectional and bidirectional chargers is presented. Unidirectional charging offers hardware limitation and reduces the interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging provides the fundamental feature of vehicle-to-grid technology. Furthermore, the beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs are categorized with remedial measures for harmful impacts and prolific benefits for beneficial impacts.
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