Journal
INFLUENZA AND OTHER RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
Volume 12, Issue 1, Pages 171-182Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12506
Keywords
costs and cost analysis; EQ-5D; human; influenza; quality of life; respiratory tract infections; work and school absences
Categories
Funding
- MRC
- Wellcome Trust [G0600511, G0800767, MC_U122785833]
- Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship
- Medical Research Council [MR/K010174/1]
- National Institute for Health Research [HPRU-2012-10080]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K031953/1]
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/K031953/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MR/R015600/1, MR/K010174/1, MR/K010174/1B] Funding Source: researchfish
- National Institute for Health Research [CL-2012-18-012, HPRU-2012-10080] Funding Source: researchfish
- Wellcome Trust [201440/Z/16/Z] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/K031953/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- MRC [G0800767, MR/R015600/1, MR/K010174/1, G0600511, MC_U122785833] Funding Source: UKRI
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BackgroundEstimates of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and work/school absences for influenza are typically based on medically attended cases or those meeting influenza-like-illness (ILI) case definitions and thus biased towards severe disease. Although community influenza cases are more common, estimates of their effects on HRQoL and absences are limited. ObjectivesTo measure quality-adjusted life days and years (QALDs and QALYs) lost and work/school absences among community cases of acute respiratory infections (ARI), ILI and influenza A and B and to estimate community burden of QALY loss and absences from influenza. Patients/methodsFlu Watch was a community cohort in England from 2006 to 2011. Participants were followed up weekly. During respiratory illness, they prospectively recorded daily symptoms, work/school absences and EQ-5D-3L data and submitted nasal swabs for RT-PCR influenza testing. ResultsAverage QALD lost was 0.26, 0.93, 1.61 and 1.84 for ARI, ILI, H1N1pdm09 and influenza B cases, respectively. 40% of influenza A cases and 24% of influenza B cases took time off work/school with an average duration of 3.6 and 2.4days, respectively. In England, community influenza cases lost 24300 QALYs in 2010/11 and had an estimated 2.9million absences per season based on data from 2006/07 to 2009/10. ConclusionsOur QALDs and QALYs lost and work and school absence estimates are lower than previous estimates because we focus on community cases, most of which are mild, may not meet ILI definitions and do not result in healthcare consultations. Nevertheless, they contribute a substantial loss of HRQoL on a population level.
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