Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Volume 24, Issue 4, Pages 1633-1642Publisher
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2018.2793599
Keywords
Saliency; omnidirectional stereoscopic panoramas
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Funding
- ERC Consolidator Grant (project CHAMELEON)
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [TIN2016-78753-P, TIN2016-79710-P]
- NSF/Intel Partnership on Visual and Experiential Computing [NSF IIS 1539120]
- FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- Terman Faculty Fellowship
- Okawa Research Grant
- Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr
- Div Of Information & Intelligent Systems [1539131] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Understanding how people explore immersive virtual environments is crucial for many applications, such as designing virtual reality (VR) content, developing new compression algorithms, or learning computational models of saliency or visual attention. Whereas a body of recent work has focused on modeling saliency in desktop viewing conditions, VR is very different from these conditions in that viewing behavior is governed by stereoscopic vision and by the complex interaction of head orientation, gaze, and other kinematic constraints. To further our understanding of viewing behavior and saliency in VR, we capture and analyze gaze and head orientation data of 169 users exploring stereoscopic, static omni-directional panoramas, for a total of 1980 head and gaze trajectories for three different viewing conditions. We provide a thorough analysis of our data, which leads to several important insights, such as the existence of a particular fixation bias, which we then use to adapt existing saliency predictors to immersive VR conditions. In addition, we explore other applications of our data and analysis, including automatic alignment of VR video cuts, panorama thumbnails, panorama video synopsis, and saliency-based compression.
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