Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA
Volume 20, Issue 8, Pages 1973-1986Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TMM.2018.2794985
Keywords
Digital watermarking; general non-negative matrix factorization (general-NMF); semi-tensor product (STP)
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program [2016YFB0800602]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61472045, 61573067, 61771071]
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In this paper, we propose a novel general non-negative matrix factorization (general-NMF)-based digital watermarking scheme for copyright protection and integrity authentication of the image content. Specifically, the proposed general-NMF algorithm is able to factorize a matrix C is an element of R-+(s x t) a into a basis matrix A is an element of R-+( m x n) and a coefficient matrix B is an element of R-+(p x q) by removing the dimension-matching constraints required by the conventional NMF, where s = m, n = p, and t = q. In particular, s = m . l/n, t = l/p . q, and the variable l is the least common multiple of n and p. Furthermore, the generator factor of the random matrix and n are used as the keys of the proposed digital watermarking scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed digital watermarking scheme can effectively resist various attacks and tampering.
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