Trophoblast plugs: impact on utero-placental haemodynamics and spiral artery remodelling

STUDY QUESTION: How does trophoblast plugging impact utero-placental haemodynamics? SUMMARY ANSWER: Physiological trophoblast plug structures are dense enough to restrict flow of oxygenated blood to the intervillous space (IVS) in the first trimester, and result in a shear stress environment upstream of the plugs that promotes spiral artery remodelling. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Trophoblast plugging of the uterine spiral arteries is thought to be the dominant factor restricting the flow of oxygenated maternal blood to the placenta in the first trimester of pregnancy. However, the extent of plugging, the timing of plug break up, and the impact of plug structure on pregnancy outcomes is debated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A computational model of the uterine radial and spiral arteries, incorporating arteriovenous anastomoses was developed. The model was parameterized with our own histological data and previous literature descriptions of the dimensions of the spiral arteries, and the structural properties (porosity) of trophoblast plugs. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Structural data were acquired from the literature, and supplemented by images of the spiral arteries acquired by standard thin-section 2D immunohistochemistry, and whole mount immunohistochemistry imaged in 3D by micro-CT. Computational models were solved using Matlab software, via custom written scripts. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We confirm that physiological lengths (>0.1 mm) and porosities (0.2-0.6) of trophoblast plugs are sufficient to restrict the flow of oxygenated maternal blood flow to the placental surface. Trophoblast plugs also have important haemodynamic consequences upstream in the spiral arteries by generating shear stress conditions of <2 dyne/cm(2) that promote trophoblast-induced spiral artery remodelling. Structural changes in plugs as they dislodge are likely to result in rapid increases in blood flow to the IVS, and it is likely at this stage of gestation that the major source of resistance in the utero-placental circulation transitions from the spiral arteries to the radial arteries, which then act as a the 'rate-limiting' step to IVS flow. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Structural descriptions of the spiral arteries, radial arteries and trophoblast plugs largely rely on 2D histological sections, or historical measurements. Increased focus on quantitatively assessing the 3D structure of the uterine arteries using more modern imaging technologies in the future will strengthen model predictions. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our work suggests that trophoblast plugs play a previously under-appreciated role in regulating spiral artery remodelling in the first trimester of human pregnancy. This creates the possibility that inadequate trophoblast plugging in the first trimester may contribute to the inadequate artery remodelling observed in pregnancy pathologies such as pre-eclampsia. The incorporation of arteriovenous anastomoses in our model highlights the important influence that shunted blood can play in utero-placental haemodynamics, and together with the emerging role of radial arteries in regulating blood flow to the placenta, the influence of arteriovenous anastomoses on radial artery haemodynamics in normal and pathological pregnancies warrants further investigation.