Plane-wave domain least-squares reverse time migration with free-surface multiples

Free-surface multiples have been used in the reverse time migration (RTM) procedure to provide additional subsurface illumination. However, imaging multiple reflections with conventional RTM operators generates many crosstalk artifacts. Least-squares RTM (LSRTM) can be used to iteratively suppress crosstalk artifacts of multiples; however, the method is computationally intensive. By applying the linear Radon transformation to hundreds of shots of acquired data to produce dozens of plane-wave gathers, we have developed plane-wave domain LSRTM with free-surface multiples, which could efficiently provide images from the multiples with the crosstalk artifacts effectively suppressed. The proposed method has high computational efficiency when the dynamic plane-wave encoding scheme is used, in which only one or two plane-wave gathers of multiples are migrated at each iteration. We apply the method to numerical Pluto1.5 data and find that the proposed method can reduce most crosstalk artifacts and enhance spatial resolution, using even less computational time relative to RTM with multiples. Furthermore, joint imaging of primaries and multiples by plane-wave LSRTM can provide broader illumination and higher fold for the subsurface when compared with the imaging process with primaries only.