Journal
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Volume 26, Issue 4, Pages 385-392Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/0956797614563339
Keywords
pain; perception; virtual reality; redirected walking; illusions; body representation; movement; multisensory processing; open data
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Funding
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NMHRC) Principal Research Fellowship [1061279]
- NHMRC [1047317]
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen Grant [12E3714N]
- European Pain Federation-EFIC Grunenthal Research Grant [E-G-G 169518451]
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Pain is a protective perceptual response shaped by contextual, psychological, and sensory inputs that suggest danger to the body. Sensory cues suggesting that a body part is moving toward a painful position may credibly signal the threat and thereby modulate pain. In this experiment, we used virtual reality to investigate whether manipulating visual proprioceptive cues could alter movement-evoked pain in 24 people with neck pain. We hypothesized that pain would occur at a lesser degree of head rotation when visual feedback overstated true rotation and at a greater degree of rotation when visual feedback understated true rotation. Our hypothesis was clearly supported: When vision overstated the amount of rotation, pain occurred at 7% less rotation than under conditions of accurate visual feedback, and when vision understated rotation, pain occurred at 6% greater rotation than under conditions of accurate visual feedback. We concluded that visual-proprioceptive information modulated the threshold for movement-evoked pain, which suggests that stimuli that become associated with pain can themselves trigger pain.
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