Journal
JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Volume 45, Issue 3, Pages 645-657Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2220-9
Keywords
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD); Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Simplex-multiplex stratification; Family; Unaffected relative
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Funding
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) [91610024, 1750102007010]
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIH) [R01 MH62873-01A1]
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are highly heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorders, that frequently co-occur. This study examined whether stratification into single-incidence (SPX) and multi-incidence (MPX) is helpful in (a) parsing heterogeneity and (b) detecting overlapping and unique underpinnings of the disorders. ASD and ADHD traits were measured in 56 ASD/31 ADHD SPX families, 59 ASD/171 ADHD MPX families and 203 control families. In ASD but not ADHD, behavioral traits were less elevated in SPX than MPX unaffected relatives, suggesting that SPX-MPX stratification may thus help parse ASD, but not ADHD heterogeneity. Particularly unaffected relatives from MPX ASD/ADHD families displayed elevated trait levels of both disorders, indicating shared (multifactorial) underpinnings underlying ASD and ADHD in these families. Cross-disorder traits were highest in MPX ASD unaffected siblings.
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