FoxM1 is regulated by both HIF-1 and HIF-2 and contributes to gastrointestinal stromal tumor progression

BackgroundFoxM1 plays important regulatory roles in a variety of diseases. However, the functional role of FoxM1 and mechanisms responsible for its expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is not thoroughly understood.MethodsFoxM1 protein expression and biological function were examined in human GIST tissues and cells using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, CCK-8, wound-healing- and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling in FoxM1 expression was investigated using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter and in vivo tumor growth assays.ResultsFoxM1 was highly expressed in highly proliferative and migratory/invasive GIST specimens. Upregulation of FoxM1 was positively correlated with the expression of HIF-1 and HIF-2 in GIST specimens, and hypoxia-induced FoxM1 expression in GIST cells. Functionally, ectopic expression of FoxM1 significantly promoted GIST cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, whereas the knockdown of endogenous FoxM1 of hypoxic GIST cells had the opposite effects. Molecularly, FoxM1 was transcriptionally regulated by HIF-2 under normoxia, whereas it was upregulated by both HIF-1 and HIF-2 under hypoxia. The xenograft tumor data further confirmed the regulated effect of HIF-1 and HIF-2 on FoxM1, and demonstrated that the simultaneous downregulation of both HIF-1 and HIF-2 inhibited GIST tumor growth.ConclusionsOur data demonstrated the critical role of FoxM1 in promoting GIST progression and uncovered a novel HIF-1/HIF-2-FoxM1 axis. These findings identify FoxM1 as a possible new molecular target for designing novel therapeutic treatments to control GIST progression.