Journal
FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS
Volume 75, Issue -, Pages 192-201Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.08.027
Keywords
Agroindustrial waste; Unripe banana peel; Acid hydrolysis; High-pressure homogenization; Caco-2 cells
Categories
Funding
- Coordenacao ao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior [2952/2011]
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [150523/2013-0, 140274/2014-6]
- CAPES/FCT [349/13]
- Foundation for Science and Technology [SFRH/BPD/89992/2012]
- FCT [UID/BIO/04469/2013, RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462)]
- COMPETE [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684]
- BioTecNorte operation - European Regional Development Fund under Norte - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004]
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Cellulose nanoparticles from a vegetable source (cellulose fiber) have been evaluated for future use as reinforcement of polymeric matrixes (e.g., biodegradable films). Cellulose nanoparticles have numerous advantages: they are inexpensive and biodegradable, and they originate from renewable sources. Here, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were isolated from banana peel by chemical (alkaline treatment and bleaching followed by acid hydrolysis with 0.1, 1, or 10% (v/v) H2SO4) and mechanical (high pressure homogenizer) treatments. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed all treatments effectively isolated banana fibers at the nanometer scale (average diameter of 3.72 nm). CNFs displayed z-potential values ranging from -37.60 to -67.37 mV, which prevented their aggregation. CNFs had high crystallinity values, from 63.1 to 66.4%, which indicated they could be good reinforcing agents. FTIR results confirmed that the chemical and mechanical treatments removed the amorphous fractions. Regarding cytotoxicity, low CNF concentrations (50-500 mu g/mL) did not cause cell death, but CNFs at concentrations above 1000 mu g/mL significantly decreased cell viability. The use of different sulfuric acid concentrations provided more detailed knowledge of the treatment methods and CNF features, which could help to improve the CNF production process. The combination of chemical and mechanical treatments proved to be an efficient strategy to prepare CNFs from banana peels as a potential reinforcing agent of polymeric matrixes (e.g., food packaging). (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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