Journal
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 80, Issue -, Pages 376-391Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.013
Keywords
Deoxynivalenol; Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella); Intestine; Oxidative damage; Apoptosis; Tight junctions
Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) [2014CB138600]
- National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation (Agriculture) of China [201003020]
- Outstanding Talents and Innovative Team of Agricultural Scientific Research (Ministry of Agriculture)
- Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan Province of China [2014NZ0003]
- Major Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation Project of Sichuan Province of China [2013NC0045]
- Demonstration of Major Scientific and Technological Achievement Transformation Project of Sichuan Province of China [2015CC0011]
- modern agricultural industry technology system of Sichuan freshwater fish innovation team
- Foundation of Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team [2017TD0002]
- Earmarked Found for China Agriculture Research System [CARS-45]
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of animal feed worldwide and brings significant threats to the animal production. However, studies concerning the effect of DON on fish intestine are scarce. This study explored the effects of DON on intestinal physical barrier in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 1440 juvenile grass carp (12.17 +/- 0.01 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of DON (27, 318, 636, 922, 1243 and 1515 mu g/kg diet) for 60 days. This study for the first time documented that DON caused body malformation in fish, and histopathological lesions, oxidative damage, declining antioxidant capacity, cell apoptosis and destruction of tight junctions in the intestine of fish. The results indicated that compared with control group (27 mu g/kg diet), DON: (1) increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) content, and up-regulated the mRNA levels of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1: Keap1a but not Keap1b), whereas decreased glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzymes activities, and down-regulated the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes (except GSTR in MI) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well as the protein levels of Nrf2 in fish intestine. (2) up-regulated cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease (caspase) -3, -7, -8, -9, apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), Fas ligand (FasL) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) mRNA levels, whereas down-regulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) mRNA levels in fish intestine. (3) down-regulated the mRNA levels of ZO-1, ZO-2b, occludin, claudin-c, -f, -7a, -7b, -11 (except claudin-b and claudin-3c), whereas up-regulated the mRNA levels of claudin-12, -15a (not -15b) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in fish intestine. All above data indicated that DON caused the oxidative damage, apoptosis and the destruction of tight junctions via Nrf2, JNK and MLCK signaling in the intestine of fish, respectively. Finally, based on PWG, FE, PC and MDA, the safe dose of DON for grass carp were all estimated to be 318 mu g/kg diet.
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