Journal
EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS
Volume 112, Issue -, Pages 229-242Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.06.034
Keywords
Fully Convolutional Neural Network; Stationary Wavelet Transform; Retinal fundus image; Vessel segmentation; Deep learning
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Funding
- FCT [UID/EEA/04436/2013]
- FEDER, Portugal funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI) [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006941]
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The retinal vascular condition is a reliable biomarker of several ophthalmologic and cardiovascular diseases, so automatic vessel segmentation may be crucial to diagnose and monitor them. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines the multiscale analysis provided by the Stationary Wavelet Transform with a multiscale Fully Convolutional Neural Network to cope with the varying width and direction of the vessel structure in the retina. Our proposal uses rotation operations as the basis of a joint strategy for both data augmentation and prediction, which allows us to explore the information learned during training to refine the segmentation. The method was evaluated on three publicly available databases, achieving an average accuracy of 0.9576, 0.9694, and 0.9653, and average area under the ROC curve of 0.9821, 0.9905, and 0.9855 on the DRIVE, STARE, and CHASE_DB1 databases, respectively. It also appears to be robust to the training set and to the inter-rater variability, which shows its potential for real-world applications. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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