Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEART FAILURE
Volume 20, Issue 3, Pages 445-459Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1138
Keywords
Immune system; Macrophage; T-cell; Ischaemic cardiomyopathy; Hypertensive cardiomyopathy; Diabetic cardiomyopathy; Toxic cardiomyopathy; Viral cardiomyopathy; Genetic cardiomyopathy; Peripartum cardiomyopathy; Autoimmune cardiomyopathy
Categories
Funding
- Regione Campania CISI-Lab
- CREME Project
- TIMING Project
- European Union Commission's Seventh Framework programme [305507, 602904, 602156]
- FWO Flanders, Belgium [FWO G080014N]
- HOMAGE
- FBRORRFETS
- European Union Horizon2020 UE [LSHM-CT-05-018833]
- FNRS PDR [T.0144.13]
- Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung [BMBF01 EO1004]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SFB688 TP A10]
- Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative
- Dutch Heart Foundation, CVON-ARENA
- British Heart Foundation [CH/16/3/32406, RG/16/14/32397, FS/13/2/29892] Funding Source: researchfish
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Activation of the immune system in heart failure (HF) has been recognized for over 20 years. Initially, experimental studies demonstrated a maladaptive role of the immune system. However, several phase III trials failed to show beneficial effects in HF with therapies directed against an immune activation. Preclinical studies today describe positive and negative effects of immune activation in HF. These different effects depend on timing and aetiology of HF. Therefore, herein we give a detailed review on immune mechanisms and their importance for the development of HF with a special focus on commonalities and differences between different forms of cardiomyopathies. The role of the immune system in ischaemic, hypertensive, diabetic, toxic, viral, genetic, peripartum, and autoimmune cardiomyopathy is discussed in depth. Overall, initial damage to the heart leads to disease specific activation of the immune system whereas in the chronic phase of HF overlapping mechanisms occur in different aetiologies.
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