Journal
FUEL
Volume 139, Issue -, Pages 546-553Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.006
Keywords
Macro-algae; Liquefaction; Hydrothermal; Energy balance; Seaweed
Categories
Funding
- EPSRC under the Supergen Biomass Consortium [EP/039995]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/I014365/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/I014365/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of four brown macro-algae was used to produce bio-crude and bio-char in an energy favorable way. Bio-crude yields between 9.8 wt% and 17.8 wt% (daf) with HHVs between 32 and 34 MJ/kg and bio-char yields between 10.9 wt% and 18.6 wt% (db) with HHVs between 15.7 and 26.2 MJ/kg were produced. A modification of the energy consumption ratio (ECR) index was attempted in order to include in the formula the calculation of the specific heat capacity of the feedstock used, as well as the increase of the specific heat capacity of water with temperature. A comparison in terms of energy output was made between the products from HTL and products from bio-chemical conversion of macro-algae such as anaerobic digestion (AD) and fermentation. The results indicate that HTL has higher energy output than fermentation and analogue of that from anaerobic digestion (7.91 MJ/kg(seaweed) and 8.25 MJ/kg(seaweed) from HTL and AD respectively). (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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