Sow and litter factors influencing colostrum yield and nutritional composition

One of the main characteristics of colostrum intake (CI), colostrum yield (CY), and colostrum composition (CC) in pigs is its variability. The present observational study aimed to investigate factors influencing CY and CC in 10 commercial herds. In total, 100 sows of 5 different breeds and their 1,455 live-born piglets were included. Sows' CY was estimated by the CI of their suckling piglets. Colostrum composition was analyzed by LactoScope Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Colostrum yield averaged 3,500 +/- 110 g and the percentage of colostral fat (CF), protein, and lactose in colostrum averaged 5.39 +/- 0.12, 16.49 +/- 0.14, and 2.02 +/- 0.05 %, respectively. The effect of sow, litter, and parturition factors on CY and CC were evaluated with a linear mixed regression model with herd included as a random factor. Sows with a gestation length (GL) of 113 d had a higher CY (4,178 +/- 506 g) than sows with a GL of 114 to 115 d (3,342 +/- 107 g; P = 0.04). An interaction was found between the litter birth weight of suckling piglets (LWSP) and GL (P = 0.03). In sows with a GL of 114 to 115 d, CY increased with higher LWSP (P = 0.009). A shorter interval between birth and first suckling of the litter was related to a higher CY (P < 0.01). The percentage of fat in colostrums was higher in Hypor sows (6.35 +/- 0.51) than in PIC (4.98 +/- 0.27; P = 0.001), Topigs 20 (5.05 +/- 0.14; P < 0.001), and Danbred (5.34 +/- 0.22; P < 0.001) sows. The percentage of CF was negatively associated with parity (P = 0.02) and positively associated with the number of live-born piglets (P = 0.03). The percentages of colostral protein and lactose were not significantly associated with any factor in the multivariable model. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CY and CF are affected by different sow and litter factors. Pig producers may implement these observations in their management to maximize production or reproduction potential by optimizing CI, CY, and CC.