Journal
EMBO JOURNAL
Volume 37, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798311
Keywords
dedifferentiation; regeneration; repair; reprogramming; transdifferentiation
Categories
Funding
- NIDDK R01s [DK094989, DK105129, DK110406]
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center/Barnes Jewish Hospital Foundation Cancer Frontier Fund
- NIH [NCI P30 CA091842, 5T32GM007067-43, GM007067]
- Barnard Trust
- DeNardo Education AMP
- Research Foundation [CA00954731]
- Philip and Sima Needleman Student Fellowship in Regenerative Medicine
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81371688, 81673089]
- [HL38180]
- [DK112378]
- [DK56260]
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In 1900, Adami speculated that a sequence of context-independent energetic and structural changes governed the reversion of differentiated cells to a proliferative, regenerative state. Accordingly, we show here that differentiated cells in diverse organs become proliferative via a shared program. Metaplasia-inducing injury caused both gastric chief and pancreatic acinar cells to decrease mTORC1 activity and massively upregulate lysosomes/autophagosomes; then increase damage associated metaplastic genes such as Sox9; and finally reactivate mTORC1 and re-enter the cell cycle. Blocking mTORC1 permitted autophagy and metaplastic gene induction but blocked cell cycle re-entry at S-phase. In kidney and liver regeneration and in human gastric metaplasia, mTORC1 also correlated with proliferation. In lysosome-defective Gnptab(-/-) mice, both metaplasia-associated gene expression changes and mTORC1-mediated proliferation were deficient in pancreas and stomach. Our findings indicate differentiated cells become proliferative using a sequential program with intervening checkpoints: (i) differentiated cell structure degradation; (ii) metaplasia- or progenitor-associated gene induction; (iii) cell cycle re-entry. We propose this program, which we term paligenosis, is a fundamental process, like apoptosis, available to differentiated cells to fuel regeneration following injury.
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