An optimized microfluidic paper-based NiOOH/Zn alkaline battery

In this paper, an alkaline nickel oxide hydroxide/zinc (NiOOH/Zn) battery featuring a cellulose matrix separator between electrodes is presented. The metallic electrodes and the paper separator are inserted in a layer-by-layer assembly that provides mechanical stability to the system resulting in a lightweight and easy-to-use device. The battery was optimized for the amount of NiOOH-ink used at the cathode (11.1 mg/cm(2)) and thickness of the paper membrane separating the electrodes (360 mu m). The battery was able to function using a small volume (75 mu L) of 1.5 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) producing a maximum voltage, current density, and power density of 1.35 +/- 0.05 V, 10.62 +/- 0.57 mA/cm(2), and 0.56 +/- 0.01 mW/cm(2), respectively. The system displayed a maximum current of 23.9 mA and a maximum power of 1.26 mW. Moreover, four batteries connected in series were able to power a small flameless candle for approximately 22 min. This work has potential in fulfilling the demands for short-term and lightweight power supplies.