Journal
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Volume 88, Issue -, Pages 253-267Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.147
Keywords
Nrf2; Oxidative stress; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Huntington's disease; Multiple sclerosis
Funding
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [R01 ES08089, R01 ES10042]
- National Institute on Aging [R01 AG033493, P50 AG033514]
- CHDI Foundation
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The brain is very sensitive to changes in redox status; thus maintaining redox homeostasis in the brain is critical for the prevention of accumulating oxidative damage. Aging is the primary risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to age, genetic and environmental risk factors have also been associated with disease development. The primary reactive insults associated with the aging process are a result of oxidative stress (OS) and nitrosative stress (NS). Markers of increased oxidative stress, protein and DNA modification, inflammation, and dysfunctional proteostasis have all been implicated in contributing to the progression of neurodegeneration. The ability of the cell to combat OS/NS and maintain a clearance mechanism for misfolded aggregating proteins determines whether or not it will survive. A critical pathway in this regard is the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)- anti-oxidant response element (ARE) pathway. Nrf2 activation has been shown to mitigate a number of pathologic mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This review will focus on the role of Nrf2 in these diseases and the potential for Nrf2 activation to attenuate disease progression. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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