Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 80, Issue -, Pages 81-93Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.009
Keywords
Shrimp innate immunity; Humoral immune responses; Signal transduction pathways; Antimicrobial peptides; Melanization; Prophenoloxidase system
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Funding
- Thailand Research Fund [RTA5880004]
- Thailand Research Fund
- Thailand National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) [BRG5880016]
- TRF [IRG5780008]
- Chulalongkorn University
- JST/JICA, Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)
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Diseases have caused tremendous economic losses and become the major problem threatening the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture. The knowledge of host defense mechanisms against invading pathogens is essential for the implementation of efficient strategies to prevent disease outbreaks. Like other invertebrates, shrimp rely on the innate immune system to defend themselves against a range of microbes by recognizing and destroying them through cellular and humoral immune responses. Detection of microbial pathogens triggers the signal transduction pathways including the NF-kappa B signaling, Toll and lmd pathways, resulting in the activation of genes involved in host defense responses. In this review, we update the discovery of components of the Toll and Imd pathways in shrimp and their participation in the regulation of shrimp antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. We also focus on a recent progress on the two most powerful and the best-studied shrimp humoral responses: AMPs and melanization. Shrimp AMPs are mainly cationic peptides with sequence diversity which endues them the broad range of activities against microorganisms. Melanization, regulated by the prophenoloxidase activating cascade, also plays a crucial role in killing and sequestration of invading pathogens. The progress and emerging research on mechanisms and functional characterization of components of these two indispensable humoral responses in shrimp immunity are summarized and discussed. Interestingly, the pattern recognition protein (PRP) crosstalk is evidenced between the proPO activating cascade and the AMP synthesis pathways in shrimp, which enables the innate immune system to build up efficient immune responses. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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