Management of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease

Purpose of reviewTo highlight recent original research and specialty society guidelines regarding the diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease.Recent findingsThe prevalence of NTM pulmonary disease has risen in recent years. The prevalence of individual NTM species varies geographically, although Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) remain among the most commonly encountered in many regions. Diagnosis and treatment of NTM pulmonary disease can be complex but guideline-based recommendations have been published. However, adherence to guideline recommendations is poor. Drug susceptibility testing plays a role with important caveats for treatment. Alternative therapies are being explored with older antimycobacterial drugs like clofazimine, which has demonstrated efficacy and tolerability for treatment-refractory NTM infections, and a novel formulation of amikacin for inhalation which may be better tolerated than parenteral administration. Several studies have shown that patients will have recurrences as high as 48%, and that these are not solely relapses but many cases are reinfections with a new organism. United States and European research registries of patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis are expected to provide needed data on clinical characteristics of patients at risk for NTM pulmonary disease.SummaryThe evidence base for optimal management of NTM pulmonary disease is expanding but notable gaps in the literature remain.