Fate of sulfamethoxazole, its main metabolite N-ac-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin in agricultural soils amended or not by organic waste products

Spreading organic waste products (OWP) issued from sewage sludge or manures into soil may disseminate antibiotics with unknown risks for human health and environment. Our objectives were to compare the fate of two sulfonamides, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and its metabolite N-acetyl-sulfa-methoxazole (N-ac-SMX), and one fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin (CIP), in an unamended soil, and two soils regularly amended since 1998 with a sewage sludge and green waste compost and with farmyard manure respectively. Incubations of soil spiked with C-14 labelled SMX or N-ac-SMX (0.02 mg kg(-1)) or CIP (0.15 mg kg(-1)) allowed a quantification of radiolabeled molecules in the mineralized, easily, hardly and non-extractable fractions after 3 and 156 days. Nature of C-14 molecules was also analyzed by HPLC in extractable fractions after 3 and 156 days. SMX and N-ac-SMX dissipation was fast and due to i) mineralization (similar to 10% of recovered C-14 after 156 days) or incomplete degradation (production of metabolites), ii) adsorption, even if both sulfonamides present low Kd (<3 L kg(-1)) and iii) formation of non-extractable residues (NER), representing more than 50% of recovered radioactivity. N-ac-SMX was more mineralized than SMX, and formed more progressively NER, after a step of deacetylation. Adsorption of CIP was fast and formed mainly NER (>72%) whereas its mineralization was negligible. Repeated applications of OWP tend to enhance adsorption of antibiotics and lower their degradation, through the quantity and quality of the built up soil organic matter. If applications of sewage sludge compost favor adsorption and inhibit mineralization, applications of manure boost the formation of non -extractable residues. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.