Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 198, Issue -, Pages 460-468Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.157
Keywords
Carbon aerogel; Solid-phase extraction; Sulfur mustard degradation products; Sample preparation; Environmental water samples
Categories
Funding
- project Towards the Monitoring of Dumped Munitions Threat (MODUM)
- Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Fund) [33-20]
- European Regional Development Fund
- European Regional Development Fund in University of Tartu
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In this study, SPE method using a carbon aerogel(CA)-based sorbent was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous extraction of sulfur mustard (HD) degradation products from environmental water samples. Applied CAs proved to be very promising materials for use as SPE sorbents, due to their high porosity, very low density and a large specific surface area. 10 degradation products of HD, both aliphatic and cyclic (thiodiglycol (TDG), TDG sulfoxide, TDG sulfone, 3,5-dithia-1,7-heptanediol, 3,6-dithia-1,8-octanediol, 1,4-thioxane, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,4-dithiane, 1,2,5-trithiepane, and 1,4,5-oxadithiepane) were extracted on a CA -based SPE cartridge. The concentrations of target analytes in the eluate were determined by HPLC-DAD and CE-DAD. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including the kind and volume of the eluting solvent, sample loading flow rate, volume and ionic strength as well as the reusability of the cartridge, were investigated and optimized to achieve the best performance for the analytes. A series of quantitative parameters such as linear range, coefficient of determination, LOD, LOQ and precision were examined under the optimized conditions. High sensitivity (LODs 0.17-0.50 mu M) and high precision (intraday RSD = 2.0-7.7% and interday RSD = 2.7-9.9%) for all the analytes were achieved. The performance of the CA -based sorbent was compared with that of commonly used SPE sorbents. Applied for the analysis of spiked pore water samples collected from the Bornholm Basin, one of the largest chemical warfare dumping sites in the Baltic Sea, the proposed method allowed high SPE recoveries of all the analytes ranging from 83.5 to 99.7% to be obtained. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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