Improved photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen generation through BiVO4 quantum-dots loaded on nano-structured SnO2 and modified with carbon quantum-dots

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has been widely studied as a promising candidate for oxygen evolution in artificial photosynthesis. However, it was seldom used in hydrogen generation because of its low conduction band and high reaction overpotential. Here, we proposed an effective strategy to address these issues by distributing BiVO4 quantum dots onto nanostructured tin oxide (SnO2). The nanostructured SnO2 simultaneously served as the host substrate and a passivation layer. Carbon quantum dots were also used to improve the charge transfer and electrocatalytic properties at the BiVO4-SnO2 interface. As expected, the final composite yields a net photo-current of 2.2 mA cm(-2) at 0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, and a hydrogen generation rate of 0.54 mu mol.h(-1) without bias. The excellent performance was due to the enhanced electron energy, effective charge separation at the BiVO4-SnO2 interface, and the fast hole transfer from BiVO4 to carbon quantum dots and electrolyte.