Journal
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
Volume 181, Issue -, Pages 247-255Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.077
Keywords
Cellulose sulfate; Cellulose nanofibrils; Cellulose
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Funding
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute at Georgia Institute of Technology
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-14-1-0194]
- Forest Products Laboratory (USDA grant) [15-JV-11111129-063]
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Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were sulfonated and the dispersion quality was compared to unfunctionalized and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) post-oxidation treatment of existing CNF (mechanically fibrillated pulp). A post-sulfonation treatment on existing CNF in chlorosulfonic acid and dimethylformamide (DMF) resulted in sulfonated CNF that retained a fibril-like morphology. There was a small decrease in the cellulose crystallinity index for the sulfonated CNF, but this was much lower than the reported regioselective oxidative bisulfite pretreatment method used to make sulfonated CNF. The current approach was extremely quick, and 5 min of reaction time was sufficient to result in significant improvements in dispersibility compared to unfunctionalized CNF. The sulfonated CNF and TEMPO oxidized CNF had better dispersibility compared to the unfunctionalized CNF when dispersed in DMF and water, and in many cases the sulfonated CNF had better dispersibility than the TEMPO CNF. It was found that when CNF was dispersed in DMF the TEMPO CNF formed carboxyl dimethylammonium groups, while the sulfonated CNF formed formate groups.
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