Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Volume 818, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/3
Keywords
supernovae: general
Categories
Funding
- EU/FP7 via ERC grant [307260]
- Quantum universe I-Core program by the Israeli Committee for planning and budgeting
- ISF, Minerva
- ISF grants
- WIS-UK making connections
- Kimmel award
- ARCHES award
- National Science Foundation (NSF) Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship [AST-1302771]
- NSF [AST-1211916]
- TABASGO Foundation
- Christopher R. Redlich Fund
- EU/FP7-ERC grant [615929]
- US Department of Energy, Laboratory Directed Research and Development program
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. [GN-2010B-Q-13]
- NSF (United States)
- National Research Council (Canada)
- CONICYT (Chile)
- Australian Research Council (Australia)
- Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao (Brazil)
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Productiva (Argentina)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/M000966/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Division Of Astronomical Sciences
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1302771] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent emission lines in their early-time spectra (<= 10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra (flash spectroscopy), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. Searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (FI) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger than 10 days. These events constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having a spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe. II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of FI events. We classified as blue/featureless (BF) those events having a first spectrum that is similar to that of a blackbody, without any emission or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had FI signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show FI signatures. Interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M-R = -18.2 belong to the FI or BF groups, and that all FI events peaked above M-R = -17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.
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