Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Volume 818, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/818/2/L22
Keywords
gravitational waves; stars: black holes; stars: massive
Categories
Funding
- United States National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom
- MaxPlanck- Society (MPS)
- State of Niedersachsen/Germany [GEO600]
- Australian Research Council
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
- EGO consortium
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, Department of Science and Technology, India
- Science AMP
- Engineering Research Board (SERB), India
- Ministry of Human Resource Development, India
- Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad
- Conselleria d'Economia i Competitivitat and Conselleria d'Educacio Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears
- National Science Centre of Poland
- European Union
- Royal Society
- Scottish Funding Council
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
- Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO)
- National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada
- Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation
- National Science and Engineering Research Council Canada
- Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation
- Leverhulme Trust
- Research Corporation, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan
- Kavli Foundation
- NSF
- STFC
- MPS
- INFN
- CNRS
- State of Niedersachsen/Germany
- STFC [ST/N000080/1, ST/K000845/1, ST/K005014/1, ST/N005430/1, ST/I006269/1, ST/N000633/1, ST/I006285/1, ST/G504284/1, ST/L000946/1, ST/L000962/1, ST/M000931/1, ST/N00003X/1, PPA/G/S/2002/00652, Gravitational Waves, PP/C505791/1, ST/L003465/1, ST/M006735/1, ST/N000064/1, ST/N000072/1, ST/N005716/1, ST/J00166X/1, ST/J000019/1, ST/I006242/1, ST/L000938/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [Gravitational Waves, ST/I006269/1, ST/N00003X/1, ST/N000064/1, PPA/G/S/2002/00652, ST/L000946/1, ST/L000938/1 Gravitational Waves, ST/J000019/1 Gravitational Waves, ST/K005014/1, ST/I006242/1 Gravitational Waves, ST/M006735/1, ST/L003465/1, ST/L000962/1, ST/N000633/1, ST/I006269/1 Gravitational Waves, ST/J000019/1, ST/M000931/1, ST/N005716/1, ST/J00166X/1, ST/N000080/1, ST/L000954/1 Gravitational Waves, ST/G504284/1, ST/K000845/1, ST/I006242/1, ST/N000072/1, ST/I006285/1, ST/N005430/1, 1362895, ST/L000938/1, ST/L000962/1 Gravitational Waves, ST/I006285/1 Gravitational Waves] Funding Source: researchfish
- Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr
- Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure (OAC) [1341006] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1505932] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Physics [1125897, 1205512, 1505629, 1456447, 1404139, 1505373, 1404395, 1506497, 1506254, 1151836] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Physics [1505308, 1305864, 1104371, 1307401, 1506360, 1307429, 1205882, 1308527, 1207010, 1307020, 1505779, 1204371] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Human Resource Development
- Direct For Education and Human Resources [1302873] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Human Resource Development
- Direct For Education and Human Resources [1242090] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Physics [1505932] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office Of The Director
- Office of Integrative Activities [1458952] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Ask authors/readers for more resources
The discovery of the gravitational-wave (GW) source GW150914 with the Advanced LIGO detectors provides the first observational evidence for the existence of binary black hole (BH) systems that inspiral and merge within the age of the universe. Such BH mergers have been predicted in two main types of formation models, involving isolated binaries in galactic fields or dynamical interactions in young and old dense stellar environments. The measured masses robustly demonstrate that relatively heavy BHs (greater than or similar to 25M(circle dot)) can form in nature. This discovery implies relatively weak massive-star winds and thus the formation of GW150914 in an environment with a metallicity lower than about 1/2 of the solar value. The rate of binary-BH (BBH) mergers inferred from the observation of GW150914 is consistent with the higher end of rate predictions (greater than or similar to 1 Gpc(-3) yr(-1)) from both types of formation models. The low measured redshift (z similar or equal to 0.1) of GW150914 and the low inferred metallicity of the stellar progenitor imply either BBH formation in a low-mass galaxy in the local universe and a prompt merger, or formation at high redshift with a time delay between formation and merger of several Gyr. This discovery motivates further studies of binary-BH formation astrophysics. It also has implications for future detections and studies by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, and GW detectors in space.
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