Predictors and outcome of no-reflow post primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction

Background: No-reflow (TIMI <3) during primary PCI (PCI) for STEMI occurs in 11-41% of cases, indicates poor myocardial tissue perfusion, and is associated with a poor outcome. We aimed to determine predictors and 12 month outcomes of patients who developed no-reflow. Methods: We analysed the PCI database of The Canberra Hospital and identified 781 patients who underwent primary PCI during 2008-2012. Follow-up at 12 months was with letter, phone call and review of hospital records. Results: No-reflow was observed in 189 patients (25%) at the end of the procedure. Patients with no-reflow were older (64 vs. 61 years, p = 0.03). No-reflow patients were more likely to have initial TIMI flow <3 (89% vs. 79%, p = 0.001), thrombus score = 4 (83% vs. 69%, p = 0.0001), higher use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (57% vs. 48%, p = 0.03) and longer median symptom to balloon time (223 min vs. 192 min, p = 0.004). No-reflow was an independent predictor of mortality (HR 1.95, CI 1.04-3.59, p = 0.037) during 12 month follow-up. On multivariate analysis, age >60 years, thrombus score >= 4 and symptom to balloon time > 360 min were independent predictors of no-reflow. In 17% of cases of no reflow, it occurred only after stent insertion. Conclusions: No-reflowoccurred in 25% of STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI and was more likely with older age, high thrombus burden and delayed presentation. No-reflow was associated with a higher risk of death at 12 month follow-up. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).