The promising future of nano-antioxidant therapy against environmental pollutants induced-toxicities

Developmental toxicity caused by exposure to a mixture of environmental pollutants has become a major health concern. Human-made chemicals, including xenoestrogens, pesticides, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major factors that increase formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and adversely influence endogen antioxidant defense. Humans have evolved complex antioxidants systems that protect cells from prooxidant conditions. Deficiency of any these components can cause destruction in the overall antioxidant status of an individual. Antioxidants agents can be endogenous or obtained exogenously, as a part of a diet or through dietary supplements. Although oxidative damage contributes to many pathologies the use of naturally occurring, small-molecule exogenous antioxidants as therapies for these disorders has not been successful. An ideal exogenous antioxidant should be readily absorbed, enough delivered to intracellular location required to decrease pathological oxidative damage, positively affecting gene expression. To develop effective antioxidant therapies the best strategy may be to create new nanoscale drug delivery systems. This review highlights the role of environmental induced oxidative stress factors and novel nanoparticle design techniques of antioxidants.