Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 83, Issue 12, Pages 987-996Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035
Keywords
Addiction; Adolescence; Circadian; Circuitry; Reward; Sleep
Categories
Funding
- National Institute on Drug Abuse [5K01DA038654-03, 5R21DA041872-02, 4K01DA032557-05, 5R01DA033064-04, 5R21DA041563-02, 5R01DA042029-02, 5R01DA035805-04, 5R01DA039865-03, 1K02DA042886-01]
- National Institute of Mental Health [5R01MH104418-03, 5K01MH077106-05, 5R01MH077159-09, 5R01MH106460-02]
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [AA025547]
- National Institute on Aging [5R01AG047139-03]
- Bayer HealthCare
- BeHealth Solutions
- Cereve, Inc.
- CME Outfitters
- Emmi Solutions
- Medscape
- Merck
- NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE [UH3HL125103, UH2HL125103] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH [R01MH101147, R01MH077159, R01MH104418, R01MH106460, K01MH077106] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING [R01AG047139] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM [R21AA025547] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE [R01DA042029, K01DA032557, R01DA035805, R01DA039865, R21DA041563, P50DA039841, K02DA042886, R33DA041872, K01DA038654, R21DA041872, R01DA033064] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes, including substance use disorders. These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally become delayed, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. In addition, school start times are often earlier in adolescence and the use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies toward increased reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence and suggest areas that warrant additional research.
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