Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
Volume 5, Issue -, Pages 95-105Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2016.01.003
Keywords
Brewer's spent grain; Hydrothermal carbonization; Diketopiperazines; Biomass waste
Funding
- Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) via the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE)
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2,5-diketopiperazines have been known to be formed as a result of thermal treatment of foodstuffs (cacao, coffee, cooked meat) in the absence of water. Herein, it was demonstrated that an array of 2,5-diketopiperazines was formed upon hydrothermal carbonization of protein-rich brewer's spent grain. Identification of individual diketopiperazines was performed by GC/MS analysis of the solvent extracts from the lyophilized dissolved organic matter phase. Structural assignment was facilitated using an array of diketopiperazine surrogates which were prepared hydrothermally from amino acids in an environmentally friendly way. The most abundant surrogates were formed from proline, phenylalanine, and leucine. Functionalized amino acids played a minor role under hydrothermal conditions. Other N-organic compounds from hydrothermal treatment of brewer's spent grain included functionalized pyridines and alkylated pyrazines. The potential of hydrothermal carbonization to produce value-added compounds such as diketopiperazines from (waste) biomasses should be further exploited for biorefinery purposes. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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